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. Alexandra WevillOccupationPoet, playwright, writerEdward James Hughes (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet, translator, and children's writer. Critics frequently rank him as one of the best poets of his generation, and one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. He served as from 1984 until his death. In 2008 ranked Hughes fourth on their list of 'The 50 greatest since 1945'.Hughes was married to American poet from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30.

Some admirers of Plath and critics blamed him for her death after the revelation of letters written by Plath between 18 February 1960 and 4 February 1963, which claim that Hughes beat Plath two days before she had a miscarriage in 1961, and that he also told Plath he wished that she were dead. His last poetic work, (1998), explored their complex relationship.

These poems make reference to Plath's suicide, but none addresses directly the circumstances of her death. A poem discovered in October 2010, 'Last Letter', describes what happened during the three days before her death. Hughes's birthplace in,Hughes was born at 1 Aspinall Street, in in the, to William Henry (1894–1981) and Edith (Farrar) Hughes (1898–1969), and raised among the local farms of the and on the Pennine moorland. Hughes's sister Olwyn Marguerite Hughes (1928–2016) was two years older and his brother Gerald (1920–2016) was ten years older. One of her ancestors had founded the religious community at in Cambridgeshire.

Most of the more recent generations of his family had worked in the clothing and milling industries in the area. Hughes's father, William, a joiner, was of Irish descent and had enlisted with the and fought at. He narrowly escaped being killed when a bullet lodged in a pay book in his breast pocket. He was one of just 17 men of his regiment to return from the (1915–16). The stories of filled Hughes's childhood imagination (later described in the poem 'Out'). Hughes noted, 'my first six years shaped everything.' Hughes loved hunting and fishing, swimming and picnicking with his family.

He attended the Burnley Road School until he was seven, when his family moved to, then attending Schofield Street junior school. His parents ran a newsagent's and tobacconist's shop. In Poetry in Making he recalled that he was fascinated by animals, collecting and drawing toy lead creatures. He acted as retriever when his elder brother gamekeeper shot magpies, owls, rats and curlews, growing up surrounded by the harsh realities of working farms in the valleys and on the moors. During his time in Mexborough, he explored Manor Farm at Old, which he said he would come to know 'better than any place on earth'. His earliest poem 'The Thought Fox', and earliest story 'The Rain Horse' were recollections of the area. A close friend at the time, John Wholly, took Hughes to the Crookhill estate above Conisbrough where the boys spent great swathes of time.

Hughes became close to the family and learnt a lot about wildlife from Wholly's father, a gamekeeper. He came to view fishing as an almost religious experience.Hughes attended Mexborough Grammar School, where a succession of teachers encouraged him to write, and develop his interest in poetry. Teachers Miss McLeod and Pauline Mayne introduced him to the poets Hopkins and Eliot. Hughes was mentored by his sister Olwyn, who was well versed in poetry, and another teacher, John Fisher. Poet also attended this school and was also mentored by Fisher. In 1946, one of Hughes's early poems, 'Wild West', and a short story were published in the grammar school magazine The Don and Dearne, followed by further poems in 1948.

By 16, he had no other thought than being a poet.During the same year, Hughes won an open in English at, but chose to do his first. His two years of National Service (1949–51) passed comparatively easily. Hughes was stationed as a ground wireless mechanic in the on an isolated three-man station in east Yorkshire, a time during which he had nothing to do but 'read and reread Shakespeare and watch the grass grow'. He learnt many of the plays by heart and memorised great quantities of 's poetry.

Career In 1951, Hughes initially studied English at Pembroke College under M.J.C. Hodgart, an authority on forms. Hughes felt encouraged and supported by Hodgart's supervision, but attended few lectures and wrote no more poetry at this time, feeling stifled by literary academia and the 'terrible, suffocating, maternal octopus' of literary tradition.

He wrote, 'I might say, that I had as much talent for -style dismantling of texts as anyone else, I even had a special bent for it, nearly a sadistic streak there, but it seemed to me not only a foolish game, but deeply destructive of myself.' In his third year, he transferred to and, both of which would later inform his poetry. He did not excel as a scholar.

His first published poetry appeared in Chequer. A poem, 'The little boys and the seasons', written during this time, was published in, under the pseudonym Daniel Hearing.After university, living in London and Cambridge, Hughes went on to have many varied jobs including working as a rose gardener, a nightwatchman and a reader for the British film company. He worked at as a washer-upper, a post that offered plentiful opportunities to observe animals at close quarters. On 25 February 1956, Hughes and his friends held a party to launch, which had a single issue.

In it, Hughes had four poems. At the party, he met the American poet, who was studying at Cambridge on a. She had already published extensively, having won various awards, and had come especially to meet Hughes and his fellow poet Lucas Myers. There was a great mutual attraction but they did not meet again for another month, when Plath was passing through London on her way to Paris.

She visited him again on her return three weeks later. The Ted Hughes Arvon Centre, Lumb Bank – an 18th-century mill-owner's house, once Hughes's homeIn August 1970, Hughes married Carol Orchard, a nurse, and they remained together until his death. He bought the house Lumb Bank near, and maintained the property at.

He began cultivating a small farm near, called Moortown, a name which became embedded in the title of one of his poetry collections. He later became President of the charity, established by his friend in. In October 1970, Crow was published.In 1970, he and his sister, Olwyn (26 August 1928 – 3 January 2016), set up the Rainbow Press, which published sixteen titles between 1971 and 1981, comprising poems by Sylvia Plath, Ted Hughes, and, printed by Daedalus Press, and the John Roberts Press.Hughes was appointed Poet Laureate in December 1984, following Sir. A collection of animal poems for children had been published by Faber earlier that year, What is the Truth?, illustrated by R. For that work he won the annual, a once-in-a-lifetime book award.

Hughes wrote many works for children and collaborated closely with and the. He dedicated himself to the which promotes writing education and runs residential writing courses at Hughes's home at Lumb Bank, West Yorkshire. In 1993, he made a rare television appearance for, which included him reading passages from his 1968 novel '. He also featured in the 1994 documentary Seven Crows A Secret.In early 1994, Hughes became increasingly alarmed by the decline of fish in rivers local to his Devonshire home. This concern inspired him to become one of the original trustees of the, a charity set up to restore rivers through catchment-scale management and a close relationship with local landowners and riparian owners.

Lumb Bank in the Calder ValleyHughes was appointed a member of the by just before he died. He continued to live at the house in Devon, until suffering a fatal on 28 October 1998 while undergoing hospital treatment for in, London. His funeral was held on 3 November 1998, at church, and he was cremated in. Speaking at the funeral, fellow poet, said: 'No death outside my immediate family has left me feeling more bereft. No death in my lifetime has hurt poets more. He was a tower of tenderness and strength, a great arch under which the least of poetry's children could enter and feel secure.

His creative powers were, as Shakespeare said, still crescent. Mace and grace images. By his death, the veil of poetry is rent and the walls of learning broken.' Wikinews has related news:, the son of Hughes and Plath, died by suicide in his home in Alaska on 16 March 2009 after suffering from depression.Carol Hughes announced in January 2013 that she would write a of their marriage. Headlined its story 'Hughes's widow breaks silence to defend his name' and observed that 'for more than 40 years she has kept her silence, never once joining in the furious debate that has raged around the late Poet Laureate since the suicide of his first wife, the poet Sylvia Plath.' A memoir by Hughes's brother Gerald was published late in 2014, Ted and I: A Brother's Memoir, which calls 'a warm recollection of a lauded poet'.In 2017, it was revealed that letters written by Plath between 18 February 1960 and 4 February 1963 claim that Hughes beat Plath two days before she had a miscarriage in 1961, and that Hughes told Plath he wished that she was dead. The letters were sent to Dr.

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Ruth Barnhouse (then Dr. Ruth Beuscher). Homage to Ted Hughes by (2004),Hughes's first collection, (1957), attracted considerable critical acclaim.

In 1959 he won the Galbraith prize, which brought $5,000. His most significant work is perhaps (1970), which whilst it has been widely praised also divided critics, combining an apocalyptic, bitter, cynical and surreal view of the universe with what sometimes appeared simple, childlike verse.

Crow was edited several times across Hughes' career. Within its opus he created a cosmology of the totemic Crow who was simultaneously God, Nature and Hughes' alter ego. The publication of Crow shaped Hughes' poetic career as distinct from other forms of English Nature Poetry.In a 1971 interview with, Hughes cited his main influences as including,. He mentioned also, 's book The White Goddess and.Hughes worked for 10 years on a, 'Gaudete', which he hoped to have made into a film.

It tells the story of the vicar of an English village who is carried off by elemental spirits, and replaced in the village by his double, a changeling, fashioned from a log, who nevertheless has the same memories as the original vicar. The double is a force of nature who organises the women of the village into a 'love coven' in order that he may father a new messiah. When the male members of the community discover what is going on, they murder him.

The epilogue consists of a series of lyrics spoken by the restored priest in praise of a nature goddess, inspired by 's White Goddess. It was printed in 1977. Hughes was very interested in the relationship between his poetry and the book arts, and many of his books were produced by notable presses and in collaborative editions with artists, for instance with.In addition to his own poetry, Hughes wrote a number of translations of European plays, mainly classical ones.

His (1997) contains a selection of translations from 's. He also wrote both poetry and prose for children, one of his most successful books being, written to comfort his children after Sylvia Plath's suicide. It later became the basis of 's of the same name, and of the animated film.Hughes was appointed in 1984 following the death of. It was later known that Hughes was second choice for the appointment., the preferred nominee, had declined, because of ill health and a loss of creative momentum, dying a year later.

Hughes served in this position until his death in 1998. In 1992 Hughes published, a monumental work inspired by Graves's. The book, considered Hughes's key work of prose, had a mixed reception 'divided between those who considered it an important and original appreciation of Shakespeare’s complete works, whilst others dismissed it as a lengthy and idiosyncratic appreciation of Shakespeare refracted by Hughes’s personal belief system'. Hughes himself later suggested that the time spent writing prose was directly responsible for a decline in his health. Also in 1992, Hughes published Rain Charm for the Duchy, collecting together for the first time his Laureate works, including poems celebrating important royal occasions.

The book also contained a section of notes throwing light on the context and genesis of each poem.In 1998, his won the. In, his last collection, Hughes broke his silence on Plath, detailing aspects of their life together and his own behaviour at the time. The book, the cover artwork for which was by their daughter, won the 1999 for poetry.Hughes's definitive 1,333-page Collected Poems (Faber & Faber) appeared (posthumously) in 2003. A poem discovered in October 2010, 'Last letter', describes what happened during the three days leading up to Plath's suicide. It was published in on National Poetry Day, October 2010.Poet Laureate told that the poem was 'the darkest poem he has ever written' and said that for her it was 'almost unbearable to read.'

In 2011, several previously unpublished letters from Hughes to were published in the literary review. They relate mainly to the process of editing Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, and also contain a sequence of drafts of letters in which Raine attempts to explain to Hughes his disinclination to publish Hughes's poem The Cast in an anthology he was editing, on the grounds that it might open Hughes to further attack on the subject of Sylvia Plath. 'Dear Ted, Thanks for the poem.

It is very interesting and would cause a minor sensation' (4 April 1997). The poem was eventually published in Birthday Letters and Hughes makes a passing reference to this then unpublished collection: 'I have a whole pile of pieces that are all – one way or another – little bombs for the studious and earnest to throw at me' (5 April 1997).Themes.

This house has been far out at sea all night,The woods crashing through darkness, the booming hills,Winds stampeding the fields under the windowFloundering black astride and blinding wetTill day rose; then under an orange skyThe hills had new places, and wind wieldedBlade-light, luminous black and emerald,Flexing like the lens of a mad eye.From 'Wind', 1957Hughes's earlier poetic work is rooted in nature and, in particular, the innocent savagery of animals, an interest from an early age. He wrote frequently of the mixture of beauty and violence in the natural world. Animals serve as a metaphor for his view on life: animals live out a struggle for the in the same way that humans strive for ascendancy and success. Examples can be seen in the poems 'Hawk Roosting' and 'Jaguar'.The dialect of Hughes's childhood remained a staple of his poetry, his lexicon lending a texture that is concrete, terse, emphatic, economical yet powerful. The manner of speech renders the hard facts of things and wards off self-indulgence.Hughes's later work is deeply reliant upon myth and the British tradition, heavily inflected with a, and ecological viewpoint.

He re-worked classical and archetypal myth working with a conception of the dark sub-conscious. Translation In 1965, he founded with the journal, which involved bringing to the attention of the West the work of, who would later go on to win the. Weissbort and Hughes were instrumental in bringing to the English-speaking world the work of many poets who were hardly known, from such countries as Poland and Hungary, then controlled by the Soviet Union.

Hughes wrote an introduction to a translation of Vasko Popa: Collected Poems, in the 'Persea Series of Poetry in Translation,' edited by Weissbort. Which was reviewed with favour by premiere literary critic John Bayley of Oxford University in The New York Review of Books. Commemoration and legacy A memorial walk was inaugurated in 2005, leading from the Devon village of to Hughes's memorial stone above the, on, and in 2006 a Ted Hughes poetry trail was built at, also in Devon.On 28 April 2011, a for Hughes was unveiled at by his widow Carol Hughes. At Lumb Bridge near, is a plaque, installed by The Elmet Trust, commemorating Hughes's poem 'Six Young Men', which was inspired by an old photograph of six young men taken at that spot. The photograph, taken just before the, was of six young men who were all soon to lose their lives in the war.

A Ted Hughes Festival is held each year in Mytholmroyd, led by the Elmet Trust, an educational body founded to support the work and legacy of Hughes.In 2010, it was announced that Hughes would be commemorated with a memorial in in. On 6 December 2011, a slab of was ceremonially placed at the foot of the memorial commemorating. Poet and actress gave readings at the ceremony, which was also attended by Hughes's widow Carol and daughter Frieda, and by the poets,. Motion paid tribute to Hughes as 'one of the two great poets of the last half of the last century' (the other being ). Hughes's memorial stone bears lines from 'That Morning', a poem recollecting the epiphany of a huge shoal of salmon flashing by as he and his son Nicholas waded a stream in Alaska: 'So we found the end of our journey / So we stood alive in the river of light / Among the creatures of light, creatures of light.' In October 2015, the major documentary Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death examined Hughes's life and work.

The programme included contributions from poets and, broadcaster, biographers and, activist, critic, publicist Jill Barber, friend Ehor Boyanowsky, patron Elizabeth Sigmund, friend Daniel Huws, Hughes's US editor Frances McCullough and younger cousin Vicky Watling. His daughter spoke for the first time about her father and mother.Archive Hughes archival material is held by institutions such as,. In 2008, the acquired a large collection comprising over 220 files containing manuscripts, letters, journals, personal diaries and correspondence. The library archive is accessible through the website.Inspired by Hughes's Crow the German painter created a large painting series in black and white which was presented to the public for the first time on the occasion of Berlin Museum Long Night in August 2011 at the SEZ. Ted Hughes Award In 2009, the for new work in poetry was established with the permission of Carol Hughes.

Notes 'the award is named in honour of Ted Hughes, Poet Laureate, and one of the greatest twentieth century poets for both children and adults”. Members of the and recommend a living UK poet who has completed the newest and most innovative work that year, 'highlighting outstanding contributions made by poets to our cultural life.' The £5,000 prize was previously funded from the annual honorarium that former received as Laureate from The Queen. Ted Hughes Society The Ted Hughes Society, founded in 2010, publishes a peer-reviewed on-line journal, which can be downloaded by members. Its website also publishes news, and has articles on all Hughes's major works for free access. The Society staged Hughes conferences in 2010 and 2012 at, and will continue to stage conferences elsewhere.Ted Hughes Paper Trail On 16 November 2013, Hughes's former hometown of held a special performance trail, as part of its 'Right Up Our Street' project, celebrating the writer's connection with the town.

The free event included a two-hour ramble through Mexborough following the route of young Hughes's. Participants visited some of the important locations which influenced the poet, with the trail beginning at Hughes's former home, which is now a furniture shop. Elmet Trust The Elmet Trust, founded in 2006, celebrates the life and work of Ted Hughes.

The Trust looks after Hughes's birthplace in Mytholmroyd, which is available as a holiday let and writer's retreat. The Trust also runs Hughes-related events, including an annual Ted Hughes Festival. Selected works Poetry collections. Bate, Jonathan. Ted Hughes: the unauthorised life (2015. William Collins). Bell, Charlie.

Ted Hughes (2002. Hodder and Stoughton). Carter, Sebastian.

'The Rainbow Press', in Parenthesis, 12 (November 2006), pp. 32–35. Bound to Please (pp. 17–21). Ted Hughes: the life of a poet. Norton). Gammage, Nick (ed.) The Epic Poise: a celebration of Ted Hughes (1999.

Faber and Faber). Hadley, Edward. The Elegies of Ted Hughes (2010.

Palgrave Macmillan). Rees, Roger (ed.) Ted Hughes and the Classics (2009. Oxford University Press).

Roberts, Neil. Ted Hughes: a literary life (2006. Palgrave Macmillan). Sagar, Keith. The Art of Ted Hughes (1978. Cambridge University Press).

Sagar, Keith. The Laughter of Foxes: A Study of Ted Hughes (2000.

Liverpool U.P.). Sagar, Keith. Ted Hughes and Nature: Terror and Exultation (2009. Fastprint). Sagar, Keith (ed.) The Achievement of Ted Hughes (1983. Manchester U.P.). Sagar, Keith (ed.) The Challenge of Ted Hughes (1994.

Macmillan). Sagar, Keith and Stephen Tabor. Ted Hughes: A Bibliography 1946–1995 (1998. Mansell). Skea, Ann. Ted Hughes: The Poetic Quest (1994. University of New England Press).

Burnt Diaries (1999. Canongate Books Ltd)External links Wikiquote has quotations related to:. (Spring 1995). The Paris Review.

Retrieved: 22 February 2010. Retrieved: 9 March 2012. at University of Victoria, Special Collections. at the British Library.

at University of Exeter Special Collections.